On April 10, 2024 The Environmental Protection Agency announced the final National Primary Drinking Water Regulation (NPDWR) for six PFAS
Safe Drinking Water Act
Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS)
Final PFAS National Primary Drinking Water Regulation
Summary
On April 10, 2024, EPA announced the final National Primary Drinking Water Regulation (NPDWR) for six PFAS. To inform the final rule, EPA evaluated over 120,000 comments submitted by the public on the rule proposal, as well as considered input received during multiple consultations and stakeholder engagement activities held both prior to and following the proposed rule. EPA expects that over many years the final rule will prevent PFAS exposure in drinking water for approximately 100 million people, prevent thousands of deaths, and reduce tens of thousands of serious PFAS-attributable illnesses.
EPA is also making unprecedented funding available to help ensure that all people have clean and safe water. In addition to today’s final rule, $1 billion in newly available through the Bipartisan Infrastructure Law to help states and territories implement PFAS testing and treatment at public water systems and to help owners of private wells address PFAS contamination.
EPA finalized a National Primary Drinking Water Regulation (NPDWR) establishing legally enforceable levels, called Maximum Contaminant Levels (MCLs), for six PFAS in drinking water. PFOA, PFOS, PFHxS, PFNA, and HFPO-DA as contaminants with individual MCLs, and PFAS mixtures containing at least two or more of PFHxS, PFNA, HFPO-DA, and PFBS using a Hazard Index MCL to account for the combined and co-occurring levels of these PFAS in drinking water. EPA also finalized health-based, non-enforceable Maximum Contaminant Level Goals (MCLGs) for these PFAS.
CompoundFinal MCLGFinal MCL (enforceable levels)
PFOAZero4.0 parts per trillion (ppt) (also expressed as ng/L)
PFOSZero4.0 ppt
PFHxS10 ppt10 ppt
PFNA10 ppt10 ppt
HFPO-DA (commonly known as GenX Chemicals)10 ppt10 ppt
Mixtures containing two or more of PFHxS, PFNA, HFPO-DA, and PFBS
1 (unitless)
Hazard Index
1 (unitless)
Hazard Index
The final rule requires:
Public water systems must monitor for these PFAS and have three years to complete initial monitoring (by 2027), followed by ongoing compliance monitoring. Water systems must also provide the public with information on the levels of these PFAS in their drinking water beginning in 2027.
Public water systems have five years (by 2029) to implement solutions that reduce these PFAS if monitoring shows that drinking water levels exceed these MCLs.
Beginning in five years (2029), public water systems that have PFAS in drinking water which violates one or more of these MCLs must take action to reduce levels of these PFAS in their drinking water and must provide notification to the public of the violation.
EPA has developed this toolkit of materials for entities that need to communicate about PFAS.
General Fact Sheet: EPA's Final Rule to Limit PFAS in Drinking Water (pdf) (162.7 KB)
Frequently Asked Questions and Answers: Final PFAS National Primary Drinking Water Regulation (pdf) (217.8 KB)
Fact Sheet: Reducing PFAS in Your Drinking Water with a Home Filter (pdf) (147.3 KB)
Presentation: Overview EPA PFAS NPDWR (pdf) (447.1 KB)
Information for States, Tribes, and Water Systems
Fact Sheet: Benefits and Costs of Reducing PFAS in Drinking Water (pdf) (162 KB)
Fact Sheet: Small and Rural Water Systems (pdf) (212.3 KB)
Fact Sheet: PFAS NPDWR Monitoring and Reporting (pdf) (521.6 KB)
Fact Sheet: Treatment Options for Removing PFAS in Drinking Water (pdf) (189.6 KB)
Fact Sheet: Comparison Between EPA's Proposed and Final PFAS NPDWR (pdf) (176.8 KB)
Regulatory Information
Find additional supporting materials, including all EPA Technical Support Documents informing the final rule and EPA's Response to Public Comments on the Proposed PFAS NPDWR. These documents, as well as all other supporting information for the Final PFAS NPDWR, will be available at www.regulations.gov under Docket ID: EPA-HQ-OW-2022-0114 once the final rule publishes in the Federal Register.
Webinars
EPA is holding three informational webinars for communities, water systems, and other drinking water professionals about the final PFAS NPDWR. These webinars are scheduled on April 16, April 23, and April 30, 2024. The webinars will be similar, with each intended for specific audiences. Registration is required to attend and EPA requests that registrants only register for one of the webinars. The webinar recordings and presentation materials will be made available on this website following the webinars. For questions related to the public webinars, please contact PFASNPDWR@epa.gov.
April 16, 2024 (2:00-3:00 pm EDT) Webinar Registration: General Overview of PFAS NDPWR for Communities
April 23, 2024 (2:00 - 3:00 pm EDT) Webinar Registration: Drinking Water Utilities and Professionals Technical Overview of PFAS NPDWR
April 30, 2024 (2:00 - 3:30 pm EDT) Webinar Registration: Small Drinking Water Systems Webinar Series on Final PFAS NPDWR and PFAS Drinking Water Treatment
Background
Under the Safe Drinking Water Act, EPA has the authority to set enforceable National Primary Drinking Water Regulations (NPDWRs) for drinking water contaminants and require monitoring of public water systems. In March 2021, EPA published Regulatory Determinations for Contaminants on the Fourth Contaminant Candidate List which included a final determination to regulate PFOA and PFOS in drinking water. As a part of that final determination, EPA indicated it would also evaluate additional PFAS and consider regulatory actions to address groups of PFAS.
On March 24, 2023, EPA proposed the PFAS NDPWR. Concurrent with the proposed rule, EPA also announced preliminary regulatory determinations for PFHxS, PFNA, HFPO-DA, and PFBS in accordance with the Safe Drinking Water Act regulatory development process. EPA proposed to regulate PFOA and PFOS with individual MCLs and PFHxS, PFNA, HFPO-DA, and PFBS using a Hazard Index which accounts for co-occurring mixtures of these four PFAS. Concurrent with the final PFAS NPDWR announced on April 10, 2024, EPA also announced final individual regulatory determinations for PFHxS, PFNA, and HFPO-DA, and final regulatory determination for mixtures containing two or more of these three PFAS and PFBS. This regulation will also remove many other PFAS when they co-occur with these regulated PFAS.
Further Information
To learn more about PFAS and to find important background information to support understanding the details of specific actions EPA takes to address PFAS and other emerging events related to PFAS.